木屑黄原酸盐对双离子体系中铜镍的吸附

利用木屑制备木屑黄原酸盐吸附剂,对其进行FTIR、XRD和BET分析,并考察了对双离子体系中铜镍离子的吸附情况,重点研究了木屑黄原酸盐吸附量的预测和吸附初始速率的计算。结果表明,在铜镍双离子体系中,利用扩展的Langmuir模型能很好地预测木屑黄原酸盐对铜镍离子的吸附;吸附之初,吸附速率很快,并且随着干扰离子的浓度增大,所考察离子的初始速率逐渐减小。吸附情况说明,木屑黄原酸盐是一种具有良好吸附性能的吸附材料。     

基于煤矿安全风险成因的国家应对体系研究

基于煤矿安全的重要性,介绍了导致我国煤矿矿难的6大主要风险因素:社会经济发展阶段、煤矿安全生产相关立法情况、能耗结构、煤矿行业人员能力、煤矿技术设备先进程度和监管有效性水平。针对这6个要素,通过问卷调查、深度访谈、案例研究的方式,研究了国家应对煤矿安全风险的体系规划。结果表明:国家在应对煤矿安全风险方面,必须采取5方面的措施,包括制定抑制经济过快增长的宏观政策和鼓励新能源政策、加强立法、吸引煤炭高等院校人才和培训在职人员﹑投资煤炭新技术研究和增加设备投入以及完备有效监管途径。应对体系从宏观、中观和微观的角度提出国家、行业、企业防范煤矿安全风险所要采取的措施,构建了从上而下的提升途径。     

电催化氧化处理除草剂异草酮废水的效能简

为有效处理含异草酮除草剂废水，以Sb掺杂Ti/SnO₂电极为阳极，不锈钢板为阴极，采用电催化氧化技术对异草酮废水进行降解，研究了不同影响因素对异草酮去除率的影响，并分析了异草酮的降解效果。结果表明，当异草酮初始浓度为100 mg/L、电流密度为20 mA/cm²、电解质投加量为0.10 mol/L，反应120 min后，异草酮去除率达到94%，此时TOC去除率为57.9%，能耗为25 kWh/m³，且废水的可生化性能显著提高。     

模拟生物反应器加速产甲烷过程研究

渗滤液原液回灌易导致填埋垃圾产甲烷过程的滞后,从而对甲烷收集利用产生不利影响。通过3根实验室模拟生物反应器,研究了原液回灌(C1)、渗滤液好氧预处理后回灌(C2)和原液回灌+垃圾层上部通风曝气(C3)3种填埋方式下的填埋气产气规律。结果表明,C1甲烷浓度经历短暂上升,达到19.5%后开始逐渐降低,产甲烷速率和产甲烷总量均很低;C2甲烷浓度逐渐上升,在第121天时甲烷浓度达到50%,产甲烷最高速率和产甲烷总量分别为0.31 L/(kg·d)和25.2 L/kg。在停止上部垃圾层通风曝气后,C3甲烷浓度迅速上升,在81 d时甲烷浓度便达到50%以上,最大产甲烷速率和产甲烷总量分别为0.22 L/(kg·d)和16.0 L/kg。对各模拟柱填埋气可回收性评价结果表明,C3填埋气可回收利用比例最高,C2略低,C1在实验期间内则无可回收利用气体产生。     

黄孢原毛平革菌处理果胶废水

实验研究了菌体接种量、氮源、氮源浓度、温度和pH等不同因素条件下,黄孢原毛平革菌对果胶废水中果胶和COD去除效率的影响。结果表明,接种量为10 g/L时,黄孢原毛平革菌对果胶和COD的去除率最高,分别为96%和83%。酒石酸铵为黄孢原毛平革菌处理果胶废水的最佳氮源,其最佳浓度为0.8 g/L,在此条件下,菌体对果胶和COD的去除率分别为96%和84%。废水温度为25~35℃,废水pH值为4~5时,黄孢原毛平革菌对果胶废水中果胶和COD的去除效率分别可达95%及80%以上。黄孢原毛平革菌处理果胶废水的研究结果可为实际废水处理工程技术工艺的设计提供参考价值和指导意义。     

混凝-砂滤-活性炭过滤-微滤-反渗透集成技术处理钒冶炼废水

针对在"低钠焙烧水浸提取偏钒酸钠-离子交换树脂提纯-氯化铵沉钒"生产钒工艺下产生的废水的高盐度,可生化性差,使用传统的方法难以达到排放标准等特点,提出了"混凝-砂滤-活性炭过滤-微滤-反渗透"集成技术处理钒冶炼废水。考察了混凝沉淀的最佳条件,同时重点探讨了操作压力、运行时间和pH等操作参数对膜运行效果的影响。反渗透出水的COD为20.7 mg/L,Cl-为176 mg/L,电导率为387μS/cm,除盐率达到99.4%,总铬、六价铬和总钒等重金属的去除率都达到99%以上,远远低于国家规定的排放标准,该出水能回用于大部分生产工序;浓缩液也能回用于成球工艺和烟气处理工序,实现了钒冶炼废水的零排放。具有比较可观的经济价值和广阔的应用前景。     

Are calcareous soils in uplands less prone to damage from road salting than acidic soils?

Previous studies of upland roadside soils in Cumbria, that would normally be naturally acidic, have highlighted that (a) runoff from roads subjected to long-term road salting can dramatically raise soil pH down slope in upland areas; (b) the soil pH increase dramatically changes N cycling in soils down slope, increasing mineralisation of organic matter, ammonification, ammonium leaching down slope and nitrification and nitrate leaching; (c) the increase in nitrification substantially increases nitrate leaching to down-slope rivers, and this is readily detectable in field studies; and (d) loss of soil organic matter over decades of salting is so great that organic matter is no longer substantially solubilised by high salt concentrations found in soil solution below road drains. This paper tests and supports the hypothesis that such effects are minimal for more calcareous soil ecosystems. It examines the soil and soil solution chemistry on another Cumbrian upland highway, the A686 near Leadgate, Alston. Sodium % of soil CEC values for soil transects affected by spray containing road salt are similar at both the A6 and A686 sites. However, spatial trends in calcium, magnesium, ammonium, and nitrate concentrations as well as pH differ, as a direct result of the higher weathering rate of parent material and possibly also the presence of limestone walls above both spray-affected and control transects at the A686 site.     

基于正交试验的谷物粉尘燃烧特性影响因素研究

为了研究谷物粉尘燃烧特性影响因素，以可食用玉米淀粉为研究对象，通过ZY6243锥形量热仪（CONE）进行了单因素和正交试验，研究了粉尘粒径、惰性介质CaCO3质量分数、热辐射通量对玉米淀粉燃烧特性的影响效应。应用直观分析法和方差分析法定性地研究了各因素对玉米淀粉热释放速率峰值的影响程度并进行了排序，2种方法得出的结论基本一致。研究结果表明:各因素对玉米淀粉热释放速率峰值的影响程度依次为:CaCO3质量分数＞粉尘粒径＞热辐射通量；其中惰性介质CaCO3对热释放速率峰值和引燃时间的影响最为显著。     

人工煤气管道萘颗粒沉积规律研究

针对萘在人工煤气管道中沉积会造成管道堵塞，影响管道的安全运行的这一问题，以昆明人工煤气管道为例，运用计算流体动力学软件Fluent，选用离散相模型和雷诺应力模型，对水平直管、水平弯管和三通管进行萘颗粒沉积的数值模拟，对于不同的管径、弯曲比、管径比，分别分析萘颗粒直径、入口速度、温度及压力对萘颗粒沉积的影响。研究结果表明:水平直管、水平弯管、三通管中的萘颗粒沉积率与颗粒粒径成正相关关系，而与气流入口速度、压力成负相关关系；萘颗粒在人工煤气管道中的沉积率主要受颗粒直径、气流入口速度的影响；萘颗粒的沉积率随着水平直管的管径增大而增大，随着水平弯管的弯曲比增大而增大，随着三通管的管径比增大而先增大后减小；可通过适当增大管内煤气输送速度、压力，降低温度来降低萘颗粒在人工煤气管道中的沉积速度，进而减少萘颗粒沉积的发生。     

Numerical simulation of landfill aeration using computational fluid dynamics

The present study is an application of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to the numerical simulation of landfill aeration systems. Specifically, the CFD algorithms provided by the commercial solver ANSYS Fluent 14.0, combined with an in-house source code developed to modify the main solver, were used. The unsaturated multiphase flow of air and liquid phases and the biochemical processes for aerobic biodegradation of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste were simulated taking into consideration their temporal and spatial evolution, as well as complex effects, such as oxygen mass transfer across phases, unsaturated flow effects (capillary suction and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity), temperature variations due to biochemical processes and environmental correction factors for the applied kinetics (Monod and 1st order kinetics). The developed model results were compared with literature experimental data. Also, pilot scale simulations and sensitivity analysis were implemented. Moreover, simulation results of a hypothetical single aeration well were shown, while its zone of influence was estimated using both the pressure and oxygen distribution. Finally, a case study was simulated for a hypothetical landfill aeration system. Both a static (steadily positive or negative relative pressure with time) and a hybrid (following a square wave pattern of positive and negative values of relative pressure with time) scenarios for the aeration wells were examined. The results showed that the present model is capable of simulating landfill aeration and the obtained results were in good agreement with corresponding previous experimental and numerical investigations.